2-1 four-step translation process 四步骤

1. form a general idea or impression of the diction, style, tone, etc. of the source language. 大致了解源语的措辞、风格、语气等特征。
2. understand the meanings of the words in the source language, and analyze the grammar and logic if necessary. 理解源语中的词义。必要时，分析语法、逻辑。
3. look for the appropriate expressions in the target language. 寻找贴切的 目的语中的表述。
4. make revisions according to the vernacular of the target audience. 遵照目的语的表达习惯进行修改润色。

修改润色译文时注意3点：

1. the meaning must be correct and precise 含义准确
2. the narration must be clear and logical 叙述清晰，合乎逻辑
3. the language must be fluent and vernacular 语言流畅

重点考虑词序。最后可以视情况补充信息，少量增译。

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2-2 gathering background information 聚合背景信息what is the background information? 什么是背景信息

1. who is the writer of the source language text 源语作者是谁
2. what is the attitude of the writer 作者的态度是什么
3. what is the purpose of the writing 创作目的
4. what is the style of the writing 创作风格
5. what is the historical, geographical, social and cultural setting in and context of the writing 作品中的历史、地理、社会、文化设定与语境

作品体裁

1. 诗歌需要注意押韵翻译
2. practical writing is based on facts and there is absolutely no room for artistic recreation. 应用文基于事实，不存在任何艺术再创作的空间。 practical writings have their formats that cannot be changed. practical writings mostly use formal, precise and plain language. 译者须用平实的语言准确译出所有信息（特别注意数字、专用名词）并不可随意变更格式。
3. the styles of literary writings depend on the writers. 文学（艺术型）作品的风格取决于作者。 if the purpose is to inform, then the writing may follow a time order or space order, and use clear and concise language. 如果写作目的是提供信息，则可能循时序或空间顺序，用清晰简洁的语言。 if the purpose is to persuade, then the writing may follow a logical order, uses language that appeals to reason, or to both reason and emotions. 如果原文的目的是要说服读者，则可能遵循逻辑顺序，使用诉诸于理性 或同时带有理性和情感的语言。